Existentialism

I generally kept a habit of writing at least one post per month since the founding of this blog, but over the time, this law of gradually faded out. At some point, I began to write things not out of instant desire of sharing, but instead a pressure to record so that to make sure I am not wasting my life. That, is a sign of existentialism.

The word existentialism maybe quite confusing especially when translated into other languages (e.g., Chinese). The word itself seems to stress only the "existing" part, but as an English speaker we do know it has extended usage, e.g., stressing a matter of life-and-death importance, for instance "an existential threat". It carries the weighty, survival related significance beneath the surface.

Being a philosophy topic, existentialism is bound to be questioned and debated. Indeed, there are quite some branches I would disagree with (especially those parts regarding "to disparage scientific knowledge, and to deny the existence of objective values, stressing instead the reality and significance of human freedom and experience" which is quite popular among some existentialists. In fact, in this regard, I would not count myself as an existentialist at all. Then, since I don't really care if I am, so does that actually make me one now, ha! Reminding me of the apathy party in Futurama s02e07.

The whole thing of to "emphasize the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will" makes it so funny that a real externalist, in my opinion, would be unable to define himself as an existentialist because tagging himself by an objective concept would eventually become obstacles to determine his own development out of free will.

Beware this is not a serious critique as there may be logic traps hidden. One rebuttal would be that the self-aligning to an objective concept would be out of free will, which of course cannot become obstacles to itself. However, in that case, it becomes quite difficult to discuss existentialism with each other because there would not be an objective standard to align the concept of existentialism with everyone.

Autarky

Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states and their economic systems.

Autarky - Wikipedia

I came to know this word as a Nazi Germany economy policy in 1930s. It triggers me deep, as even for an already industrialized country, autarky is still an option.

论仪式感

【扒】莫爸为了找工作拼上命,可全世界只想糟蹋他?瑞克和莫蒂漫画之进击的loser

莫爸难得上进一回,但全世界都似乎都要跟他作对,很容易怀疑他就是命中注定的loser。从荒诞的层面理解这个故事很爽,但如果仔细想想,莫爸为什么非要象牙白的打印纸,就不难发现,他是想要一个梦幻的开局,一个伟大的起点,最好充满仪式感,能配得上loser翻身的彻底与神奇。可这不是追求完美,而是在寻求拖延。 就像我们最爱的新年计划,或者在20岁,30岁生日许个心愿,仿佛买入下一个节点,一切都会突然改变,人会变得特别上进,事情会变得特别顺。我们喜欢这种仪式感,几乎每年都会来一次,道理和莫爸非要用象牙白的纸类似,往往是对现状不满或者焦虑,所以才期待一个伟大的转折。因为细小的进步很难安抚人心,它必须足够伟大才能消除焦虑。 即使找到了象牙白的简历纸,我想莫爸还是会找各种事情“刁难”自己,这样他就能把失败甩锅给这个世界。所以并不是他以努力全世界都跟着作对,为是他自己跟自己作对。冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。他幻想着一把大火给自己解冻,可有看不起脚下的爝火微光。

对于沉湎仪式的loser,仪式的背后是小心掩藏的焦虑和浮躁。但仪式感绝非loser的专属。古往今来,遍历东西,无论信仰,种族,地位,成功或是失败,仪式感绝非偶然。

实质

第一次接触仪式感这个词仅有数周,缘起于讨论节日习俗是否有其必要性。细想之下,诸多节日习俗竟占据了绝大部分的仪式。当然事实上,正是对仪式感的执着方才造就了这些节日。公共的节日之外,私人的xx纪念日,生日,成年礼,等等诸如此类,似乎便是除去日常生活的全部了。

仪式 举行典礼的程序、形式 ——现代汉语词典

仪式之所以特别提出,大概是其程序和形式本身产生的实际效用往往远小于其投入。其所强调的程序、形式,恰恰是灵活、效率的死敌。尽管如此,人们谈起仪式往往毫不计较其投入、效率,而仪式一词本身,不仅中性,还颇有庄重的褒义感。

感官

仪式的程序本身暗示此类行为是重复的,有经验的,系统化的。其经验来源也许是个人本身先前的行动,也许是他人教授,例如节日习俗的代代相传。

但无论如何,主持参与仪式者事先应当已有准备,是有计划,有准备,有预期,有把握完成的。高度程序化的仪式保证了事情按计划实现,不仅仅是个人,而且所有仪式参与者的行为通通可以预判,因此反馈给感官的往往是一种带有控制力的成就感,仿佛征服了仪式,便征服了生活。

结合其重复性,仪式可以说是获得一种快乐最稳定最有保障的途径了。正如一切成瘾性的快乐,正反馈促成了仪式感的诞生。

本能

摒除了人造的节日,剩下的即是真正的人生大事,无非生死婚丧。巧合,绝大多数生物亦是如此。生物间的仪式同样纷繁复杂,总体上来说当然还是远不如人类。毕竟生存第一的大自然,任何对能量的浪费都必须精确计算。生死有命,动物行生日葬礼者确少。但在如此严苛的环境里,我们依然可以看到诸多动物为求偶做出的奇特仪式。

所谓动物的仪式,当然也要摒除那些有实际意义的内容,例如真打实斗非死即伤的求偶矛盾便不宜认为是单纯的仪式。单论仪式,开屏的孔雀便是最好的案例。具体来说,求偶仪式无非是为了体现发育良好,身体健康,有能力为人父(母),保护家庭。至于仪式展示的内容,往往如孔雀开屏,有形无实,颇有内卷的味道。或许对于人类这种数千年前就脱离了基本生存限制的生物来说,仪式便是本能驱动下内卷的典型产物。

社会

公序良俗。儒家最讲究宗法礼节,突出一个“序”。仪式之与社会,最大的好处便是让人有了共同的语言和合作的空间。做的事情有没有用不重要,统一了心性,有了共鸣,社会才能和谐有序,才能保障体系的正常运转。

远古以来,人类逐渐摆脱物质基本需求的支配。游手好闲的人却成为了社会失稳的一大隐患。无用的仪式恰好给了社会一个能量的宣泄口,将人们的剩余精力组织起来集中耗散。

既能组织社会,又能耗散能量,作为维护社会稳定的双重保障,礼,确有其效用。2000年前儒家发现了这个神奇的工具,将它化成思想钢印刻进汉文化圈,最终成为宗教以外维护社会稳定的一大支柱。

结语

不论读者是否认同仪式感,是否能从仪式感中获得快乐,我想不应当把仪式感当作一种神秘的感受,其产生与影响应当是有迹可循的,这也是笔者写作此文的主要目的。

古往今来社会活动中能成大事者,应当对仪式有极其深刻的理解,其不仅自身不受仪式教条的禁锢,往往还能利用其操纵社会。阅兵,国葬,烟花。当然,人心难测,仪式只是其一罢了。